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Cisco Hierarchical Model:
For more information about this, please read our
separate tutorial titled "The
Cisco Hierarchical Model".
OSI Model:
The OSI model is a layered model and a
conceptual standard used for defining standards
to promote multi-vendor integration as well as
maintain constant interfaces and isolate changes
of implementation to a single layer. It is NOT
application or protocol specific. In order to
pass any Cisco exam, you need to know the OSI
model inside and out.
The OSI Model consists of 7 layers as follows:
|
Layer |
Description |
Device |
Protocol |
|
Application |
Provides network access for
applications, flow control and error
recovery. Provides communications
services to applications by identifying
and establishing the availability of
other computers as well as to determine
if sufficient resources exist for
communication purposes. |
Gateway |
NCP, SMB, SMTP, FTP, SNMP, Telnet,
Appletalk |
|
Presentation |
Performs protocol conversion, encryption
and data compression |
Gateway and redirectors |
NCP, AFP, TDI |
|
Session |
Allows 2 applications to communicate
over a network by opening a session and
synchronizing the involved computers.
Handles connection establishment, data
transfer and connection release |
Gateway |
NetBios |
|
Transport |
Repackages messages into smaller
formats, provides error free delivery
and error handling functions |
Gateway |
NetBEUI, TCP, SPX, and NWLink |
|
Network |
Handles addressing, translates logical
addresses and names to physical
addresses, routing and traffic
management. |
Router and brouter |
IP, IPX, NWLink, NetBEUI |
|
**Data Link |
Packages raw bits into frames making it
transmitable across a network link and
includes a cyclical redundancy check(CRC).
It consists of the LLC sublayer and the
MAC sublayer. The MAC sublayer is
important to remember, as it is
responsible for appending the MAC
address of the next hop to the frame
header. On the contrary, LLC sublayer
uses Destination Service Access Points
and Source Service Access Points to
create links for the MAC sublayers. |
Switch, bridge and brouter |
None |
|
Physical |
Physical layer works with the physical
media for transmitting and receiving
data bits via certain encoding schemes.
It also includes specifications for
certain mechanical connection features,
such as the adaptor connector. |
Multiplexer and repeater |
None |
Here is an easy way to memorize the order of the
layers:
All People Seem To Need Data Processing.
The first letter of each word corresponds to the
first letter of one of the layers. It is a
little corny, but it works.
|
Class |
Range |
Explanation |
|
A |
1-126 |
IP addresses can be class A, B or C.
Class A addresses are for networks with
a large number of hosts. The first octet
is the netid and the 3 remaining octets
are the hostid. Class B addresses are
used in medium to large networks with
the first 2 octets making up the netid
and the remaining 2 are the hostid. A
class C is for smaller networks with the
first 3 octets making up the netid and
the last octet comprising the hostid.
The later two classes aren’t used for
networks. |
|
B |
128-191 |
|
C |
192-223 |
|
D |
224-239 (Multicasting) |
|
E |
240-255 (Experimental) |
A subnet mask blocks out a portion of an IP
address and is used to differentiate between the
hostid and netid. The default subnet masks are
as follows:
|
Class |
Default Subnet |
# of Subnets |
# of Hosts Per Subnet |
|
Class A |
255.0.0.0 |
126 |
16,777,214 |
|
Class B |
255.255.0.0 |
16,384 |
65,534 |
|
Class C |
255.255.255.0 |
2,097,152 |
254 |
In these cases, the part of the IP address
blocked out by 255 is the Net ID.
3COM’s IP addressing tutorial is
just superior. It covers basic IP addressing
options as well as subnetting and VLSM/CIDR.
IPX/SPX:
IPX will also be an important issue to consider
in network management given the fact there many
companies still use Netware servers. There are
two parts to every IPX Network address - the
Network ID and the Host ID. The first 8 hex
digits represent the network ID, while the
remaining hex digits represent the host ID,
which is most likely the same as the MAC
address, meaning we do not need to manually
assign node addresses. Note that valid
hexadecimal digits range from 0 through 9, and
hexadecimal letters range from A through F.
FFFFFFFF in hexadecimal notation = 4292967295 in
decimal.
Sequenced Packet Exchange(SPX) belongs to the
Transport layer, and is connection-oriented. It
creates virtual circuits between hosts, and that
each host is given a connection ID in the SPX
header for identifying the connection. Service
Advertisement Protocol(SAP) is used by NetWare
servers to advertise network services via
broadcast at an interval of every 60 minutes by
default.
|
Configuring a Catalyst 1900 Switch
This page covers configuring a Cisco Catalyst 1900 Switch from the command
line interface. This is the method that is tested on the CCNA 2.0 test,
but you should know that you can also configure the switch from a Menu (runs on
the command line) or you can use the Web interface (set the IP address on the
Switch and enter the IP address in a web browser on a client to access the
Switch's configuration web pages).
Setting Hostname, IP Address, and DFGW
You set these items the same way as for a router. The exception is that
the IP address is for the entire device as opposed to a router, which has
addresses for each interface. You should also know that you can telnet to
a switch but you can't telnet from it.
> enable
# conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
(config)# hostname Switch1
Swicth1(config)# ip address 192.168.1.75 255.255.255.224
Switch1(config)# ip default-gateway 192.168.1.65
Switch1(config)# ip domain-name foo.org
Viewing the IP Information
Use the show ip user Exec command to display
global Internet Protocol (IP) configuration information.
Switch1# show ip
IP Address:192.168.1.75
Subnet Mask:255.255.255.224
Default Gateway:192.168.1.65
Management VLAN: 1
Domain name: foo.org
Name server 1:192.168.1.70
Name server 2:0.0.0.0
HTTP server :Enabled
HTTP port : 80
RIP :Enabled
Setting Passwords
Use the enable password <1-15> <password> global
configuration command to set unencrypted user Exec or privileged Exec passwords.
Level 1-14 is for user Exec privileges while Level 15 is for privileged Exec
privileges. The Password is a noncase-sensitive string of between 4 and 8
characters, spaces, and punctuation (except double quotes). Password
strings with blank spaces must be enclosed in double quotes.
Switch1(config)# enable password level 1 "CcNa 2.0"
Switch1(config)# enable password level 15 CiScO123
Enable Secret Password
Use the enable secret global configuration command to set encrypted
user Exec or privileged Exec passwords. The enable secret password is used
in place of the enable password if it is set since the enable secret password is
encrypted and therefore more secure.
Switch1(config)# enable secret PaSs&oRd
Interfaces
Use the interface type slot/port global configuration
command to choose an interface type and to enter interface configuration mode.
Switch1(config)# interface ethernet 0/5
Switch1(config-if)#
Setting the Interface Description
While in interface configuration mode you can use the description
string command to set a description for an interface. The
description can be from 1 to 80 alphanumeric characters. Use double quotes
to enclose strings with spaces.
Switch1(config-if)# description "Marketing VLAN"
Set the Port's Duplex
Use the duplex {auto | full | full-flow-control | half} interface
configuration command to enable duplex mode for an interface.
Syntax Description:
| auto |
Auto-negotiation of duplex mode. |
| full |
Full-duplex mode. |
| full-flow-control |
Force full-duplex mode with flow control. |
| half |
Half-duplex mode. |
Example:
Switch1(config-if)# duplex full
Show Version
This example shows how to display the switch hardware and firmware versions
accessible from privileged Exec mode for the Catalyst 1900 switch.
Switch1# show version
Cisco Catalyst 1900/2820 Enterprise Edition Software
Version V9.00.00(12)
Copyright (c) Cisco Systems, Inc. 1993-1999
Switch1 uptime is 2day(s) 22hour(s) 50minute(s) 21second(s)
cisco Catalyst 1900 (486sxl) processor with 2048K/1024K bytes of memory
Hardware board revision is 1
Upgrade Status: No upgrade currently in progress.
Config File Status: No configuration upload/download is in progress
27 Fixed Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)
Base Ethernet Address: 00-E0-1E-7E-BE-80
Switch1#
MAC Address Tables
Since layer 2 switches use MAC addresses to filter network traffic, it stands
to reason that you can control MAC related functions. A Catalyst 1900
switch can store up to 1024 MAC addresses in its filter table. When the
filter table is full, the switch will flood the network with all new incoming
frames until one of the existing addresses in the table expires and is removed.
To view the table of MAC addresses, use the following command:
Switch1#show mac-address-table
Number of permanent addresses :0
Number of restricted static addresses :0
Number of dynamic addresses :9
Address Dest Interface Type Source Interface List
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
00D0.5868.F583 FastEthernet 2 Dynamic All
00E0.1E74.6ADA FastEthernet 1 Dynamic All
00E0.1E74.6AC0 FastEthernet 1 Dynamic All
0060.47D5.2770 FastEthernet 2 Dynamic All
00D0.5868.F580 FastEthernet 2 Dynamic All
00D0.5868.C8C0 FastEthernet 2 Dynamic All
00D0.5868.EF00 FastEthernet 2 Dynamic All
00E0.1E74.6080 FastEthernet 2 Dynamic All
00D0.C0F5.5B80 FastEthernet 2 Dynamic All
Clearing the MAC Address Table
If clear mac-address-table is invoked with no options, all dynamic
addresses are removed. If you specify an address but do not specify an
interface, the address is deleted from all interfaces. If you specify an
interface but do not specify an address, all addresses on the specified
interface are removed.
Switch1#clear mac-address-table
Setting Static MAC Addresses
Use the mac-address-table restricted static global configuration
command to associate a restricted static address with a particular switched port
interface (specified as type module/port). Use the no
mac-address-table restricted static command to delete a restricted static
address.
The following example shows how to configure a packet with MAC address of
0040.C80A.2F07 to come in on either Ethernet interface 1 or Ethernet interface 2
and be forwarded to the Fast Ethernet interface 27.
Switch1(config)#mac-address-table restricted static 0040.C80A.2F07 f0/27 e0/1 e0/2
Setting Permanent MAC Addresses
Use the mac-address-table permanent global configuration command to
associate a permanent unicast or multicast MAC address with a particular
switched port interface (specified by type and module/port). Use the
no mac-address-table permanent command to delete a permanent MAC address.
This example shows how to specify that packets with the multicast destination
address 0140.C80A.2F07 should be forwarded on the Fast Ethernet interface 27.
Switch1(config)# mac-address-table permanent 0140.C80A.2F07 fastethernet 0/27
Using Port Security
Use the port secure interface configuration command to enable addressing
security. Use the no port secure command to disable addressing security or
to set the maximum number of addresses allowed on the interface to the default
value. The default is 132, but can be from 1 to 132. The following
example shows how to set the maximum MAC address count to 100 on the ethernet
slot 0 port four interface.
Switch# conf t
Switch1(config)# interface ethernet 0/4
Switch1(config-if)# port secure max-mac-count 100
Upgrading/ Restoring the IOS for a Catalyst 1900
You can upgrade or restore the IOS, but you can't back it up on Catalyst 1900
switches. To copy an IOS from a TFTP host use the following command.
Syntax:
copy tftp://tftp_host's_address/IOS_filename opcode
Example:
Switch1#copy tftp://192.168.1.70/cat1900EN_9_.bin opcode
Backing Up and Restoring the Catalyst 1900's Configuration
The configuration file is called nvram on a 1900 switch. To
copy the file to a TFTP host, use the following command:
Syntax:
copy nvram tftp://tftp_host's_address/config_name
Example:
Switch1#copy nvram tftp://192.168.1.70/1900en
To restore the file from a TFTP host to the switch, use
the following command:
Syntax:
copy tftp://tftp_host's_address/config_name nvram
Example:
Switch1#copy tftp://192.168.1.70/1900en nvram
Deleting the Startup-Configuration
To delete the startup-config (nvram), use the following command:
Switch1#delete nvram
Change the LAN Switch Type
You can view the switch type with the privileged EXEC command show port
system. To change the switch's switch type, use the following
command:
Switch1(config)#switching-type ?
fragment-free Fragment Free mode
store-and-forward Store-and-Forward mode
Switch1(config)#switching-type store-and-forward
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