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MCITP MCSE and CCNA Certification Notes Series :

Cisco Hierarchical Model

There are three layers to the Cisco hierarchical model

The core (backbone) layer provides optimal transport between sites.
The distribution layer provides policy-based connectivity.
The local-access layer provides workgroup/user access to the network.

Core Layer

Responsible for transporting large amounts of traffic reliably and quickly.
Only purpose is to switch traffic as fast as possible (speed and latency are factors).
Failure at the Core layer can affect every user, design for fault tolerance at this level.
Design specifications

Don't Do at this layer

Don't use access lists, packet filtering, or VLAN Routing.
Don't support workgroup access here.
Don't expand (i.e. more routers), upgrade devices instead (faster with more capacity).

Do at this layer

Design for high reliability (FDDI, Fast Ethernet with redundant links, or ATM).
Design for speed and low latency.
Use routing protocols with low convergence times.

Distribution Layer

Also called workgroup layer, this is the communication point between the access and core layers.
Primary functions include routing, filtering, WAN access, and determining how packets can access the Core layer if necessary.
Determines fastest/best path and sends request to the Core layer. Core layer will then quickly transport the request to the correct service.
Place to implement network policies.
Distribution Layer Functions
- Access lists, packet filtering, queuing.
- Security and network policies such as address translation and firewalling.
- Re-distribution between routing protocols including static routing.
- Routing between VLANs and other workgroup support functions.
- Departmental or workgroup access.
- Definition of broadcast and multicast domains.
- Any media transitions that need to occur.

Access Layer

Controls local end user access to internetwork resources.
Also called desktop layer.
The resources most users need will be available locally.
Distribution layer handles traffic for remote services.
Continued use of access lists and filters.
Creation of separate collision domains (segmentation).
Workgroup connectivity at Distribution layer.
Technologies such as DDR and Ethernet switching are seen in the Access layer.
Static routing is here.

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Cisco Hierarchical Model

There are three layers to the Cisco hierarchical model

Core Layer

Distribution Layer

Access Layer